Kendo (??, kend?, lit. "sword way") is a modern Japanese martial art, which descended from swordsmanship (kenjutsu) and uses bamboo swords (shinai) and protective armour (b?gu). Today, it is widely practiced within Japan and many other nations across the world.
Kendo is an activity that combines martial arts practices and values with strenuous sport-like physical activity.
Video Kendo
History
Swordsmen in Japan established schools of kenjutsu (the ancestor of kendo), which continued for centuries and which form the basis of kendo practice today. The formal kendo exercises known as kata were developed several centuries ago as kenjutsu practice for warriors. They are still studied today, in a modified form.
The introduction of bamboo practice swords (shinai) and armour (b?gu) to sword training is attributed to Naganuma Shir?zaemon Kunisato during the Shotoku Era (1711-1715). Naganuma developed the use of b?gu and established a training method using the shinai.
In addition, the inscription on the gravestone of Yamada Heizaemon Mitsunori's (Ipp?sai) (????????(???), 1638-1718) third son Naganuma Shir?zaemon Kunisato (?? ????? ??, 1688-1767), the 8th headmaster of the Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ry? Kenjutsu, states that his exploits included improving the bokuto and shinai, and refining the armour by adding a metal grille to the men (head piece) and thick cotton protective coverings to the kote (gauntlets). Kunisato inherited the tradition from his father Heizaemon in 1708, and the two of them worked hard together to improve the bogu until Heizaemon's death.
Chiba Shusaku Narimasa, founder of the Hokushin Itt?-ry? Hy?h? (???????), introduced Gekiken (??) (full contact duels with shinai and bogu) to the curriculum of this kory? in the 1820s. Due to the popularity and the large number of students of the Hokushin Itt?-ry? Hy?h? at the end of the Edo-period, this kind of practice contributed greatly to the spread of shinai and b?gu all over Japan. Also there are many waza like Suriage-Men, Oikomi-Men etc. in modern Kendo which were originally Hokushin Itt?-ry? techniques, named by Chiba Shusaku Narimasa for his school. After the Meiji Restoration in the late 1800s Sakakibara Kenkichi popularised public gekiken for commercial gain, but also generated an increased interest in kendo and kenjutsu as a result.
The DNBK changed the name of the sporting form of swordsmanship, called gekiken, (Ky?jitai: ??; Shinjitai: ??, "hitting sword") to kend? in 1920.
Kendo (along with other martial arts) was banned in Japan in 1946 by the occupying powers. This was part of "the removal and exclusion from public life of militaristic and ultra nationalistic persons" in response to the wartime militarisation of martial arts instruction in Japan. The DNBK was also disbanded. Kendo was allowed to return to the curriculum in 1950 (first as "shinai competition" (????, shinai ky?gi) and then as kendo from 1952).
The All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF or ZNKR) was founded in 1952, immediately after Japan's independence was restored and the ban on martial arts in Japan was lifted. It was formed on the principle of kendo not as a martial art but as educational sport, and it has continued to be practiced as such to this day.
The International Kendo Federation (FIK) was founded in April 1970; it is an international federation of national and regional kendo federations and the world governing body for kendo. The FIK is a non-governmental organisation, and its aim is to promote and popularise kendo, iaido and jodo.
The International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF), established in Kyoto 1952, was the first international organisation after WWII to promote the development of martial arts worldwide. Today, IMAF includes kendo as one of the Japanese disciplines.
Maps Kendo
Practitioners
Practitioners of kendo are called kend?ka (???), meaning "someone who practices kendo", or occasionally kenshi (??), meaning "swordsman". The old term of kendoists is sometimes used.
The "Kodansha Meibo" (a register of dan graded members of the All Japan Kendo Federation) shows that as of September 2007, there were 1.48 million registered dan graded kend?ka in Japan. According to the survey conducted by the All Japan Kendo Federation, the number of active kendo practitioners in Japan is 477,000 in which 290,000 dan holders are included. From these figures, the All Japan Kendo Federation estimates that the number of "kend?ka" in Japan is 1.66 million, with over 6 million practitioners worldwide, by adding the number of the registered dan holders and the active kendo practitioners without dan grade.
Concept and purpose
In 1975, the All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF) developed then published "The Concept and Purpose of Kendo" which is reproduced below.
Concept
Kendo is a way to discipline the human character through the application of the principles of the katana.
Purpose
-
- To mold the mind and body.
- To cultivate a vigorous spirit
- And through correct and rigid training,
- To strive for improvement in the art of Kendo.
- To hold in esteem human courtesy and honor.
- To associate with others with sincerity.
- And to forever pursue the cultivation of oneself.
-
- Thus will one be able:
- To love one's country and society;
- To contribute to the development of culture;
- And to promote peace and prosperity among all peoples.
Equipment and clothing
Kendo is practiced wearing a traditional Japanese style of clothing, protective armour (??, b?gu) and using one or, less commonly, two shinai (??, shinai).
Equipment
The shinai is meant to represent a Japanese sword (katana) and is made up of four bamboo slats, which are held together by leather fittings. A modern variation of a shinai with carbon fiber reinforced resin slats is also used.
Kend?ka also use hard wooden swords (??, bokut?) to practice kata.
Kendo employs strikes involving both one edge and the tip of the shinai or bokut?.
Protective armour is worn to protect specified target areas on the head, arms and body. The head is protected by a stylised helmet, called men (?), with a metal grille (??, men-gane) to protect the face, a series of hard leather and fabric flaps (???, tsuki-dare) to protect the throat, and padded fabric flaps (???, men-dare) to protect the side of the neck and shoulders. The forearms, wrists, and hands are protected by long, thickly padded fabric gloves called kote (??). The torso is protected by a breastplate (?, d?), while the waist and groin area is protected by the tare (??), consisting of three thick vertical fabric flaps or faulds.
Clothing
The clothing worn under the b?gu comprise a jacket (kendogi or keikogi) and hakama, a garment separated in the middle to form two wide trouser legs.
A cotton towel (???, tenugui) is wrapped around the head, under the men, to absorb perspiration and provide a base for the men to fit comfortably.
Modern practice
Kendo training is quite noisy in comparison to some other martial arts or sports. This is because kend?ka use a shout, or kiai (???), to express their fighting spirit when striking. Additionally, kend?ka execute fumikomi-ashi (?????), an action similar to a stamp of the front foot, when making a strike.
Like some other martial arts, kend?ka train and fight barefoot. Kendo is ideally practiced in a purpose-built d?j?, though standard sports halls and other venues are often used. An appropriate venue has a clean and well-sprung wooden floor, suitable for fumikomi-ashi.
Kendo techniques comprise both strikes and thrusts. Strikes are only made towards specified target areas (??-??, datotsu-bui) on the wrists, head, or body, all of which are protected by armour. The targets are men, sayu-men or yoko-men (upper, left or right side of the men), the right kote at any time, the left kote when it is in a raised position, and the left or right side of the d?. Thrusts (??, tsuki) are only allowed to the throat. However, since an incorrectly performed thrust could cause serious injury to the opponent's neck, thrusting techniques in free practice and competition are often restricted to senior dan graded kend?ka.
Once a kend?ka begins practice in armour, a practice session may include any or all of the following types of practice.
- Kiri-kaeshi (????)
- Striking the left and right men target points in succession, practising centering, distance, and correct technique, while building spirit and stamina. (see Kirikaeshi for more information)
- Waza-geiko (???)
- Waza or technique practice in which the student learns and refines that techniques of Kendo with a receiving partner.
- Kakari-geiko (???)
- Short, intense, attack practice which teaches continuous alertness and readiness to attack, as well as building spirit and stamina.
- Ji-geiko (???)
- Undirected practice where the kend?ka tries all that has been learned during practice against an opponent.
- Gokaku-geiko (????)
- Practice between two kend?ka of similar skill level.
- Hikitate-geiko (????)
- Practice where a senior kend?ka guides a junior through practice.
- Shiai-geiko (????)
- Competition practice which may also be judged.
Techniques
Techniques are divided into shikake-waza (to initiate a strike) and ?ji-waza (a response to an attempted strike). Kendoka who wish to use such techniques during practice or competitions, often practice each technique with a motodachi. This is a process that requires patience. First practising slowly and then as familiarity and confidence builds, the kendoka and motodachi increase the speed to match and competition level.
Shikake-waza
These attack techniques are used to create suki in an opponent by initiating an attack, or strike boldly when your opponent has created a suki. Such techniques include:
- Tobikomi-waza
This is a technique used when one's opponent has weak kisei (spirit, vigour) or when they yield a suki under pressure. Always hold kisei and strike quickly.
- Hikibana-waza
Body and shinai will lose balance as you strike or when being attacked. This technique takes advantage of this to help execute a strike. A good example is Hikibana-kote, when a strike is made to an opponent's kote as they feel threatened and raise their kensen as you push forward.
- Katsugi-waza
This provides a surprise attack, by lifting the shinai over your shoulder before striking. Here a skilful use of the kensen and spirited attack is crucial for effective katsugi-waza or luring your opponent into breaking his/her posture.
- Nidan-waza
There are two types. The first is for moving to the next waza after a failed first strike, and the second holds your opponent's attention and posture to create the suki for a second strike. The former requires a continuous rhythm of correct strikes. The latter requires continuous execution of waza, to take advantage of your opponent's suki.
- Harai-waza
This can be used if one's opponent's kamae has no suki when your opponent tries to attack. Your opponent's shinai is either knocked down from above or swept up from below with a resulting strike just when his/her kamae is broken.
- Debana-waza
This technique involves striking your opponent as you realise he/she is about to strike. This is because their concentration will be on striking and their posture will have no flexibility to respond. Thus debana-waza is ideal. This can be to any part of your opponent's body, with valid strikes being: debana-men, debana-kote, and debana-tsuki.
Oji-waza
These counter-attack techniques are performed by executing a strike after responding or avoiding an attempted strike by your opponent. This can also be achieved by inducing the opponent to attack, then employing one of the oji-waza.
- Nuki-waza
Avoiding an attack from another, then instantly responding. Here, timing has to be correct. A response that is too slow or fast may not be effective. Therefore, close attention to an opponent's every move is required.
- Suriage-waza
If struck by an opponent's shinai, this technique sweeps up their shinai in a rising-slide motion, with the right (ura) or left (omote) side of the shinai. Then strike in the direction of their shinai, or at the suki resulting from their composure's collapse. This technique needs to be smooth. That is, don't separate the rising-slide motion and the upward-sweeping motion or it will not be successful. Valid strikes include: men-suriage-men, kote-suriage-men, men-suriage-do, kote-suriage-kote, and tsuki-suriage-men.
- Uchiotoshi-waza
This waza knocks an opponent's shinai to the right or left. This neutralises a potential strike and gives the ideal chance to strike as an opponent is off-balance. For success, an opponent's maai has to be correctly perceived and then one knocks down their shinai before their arm fully extends. Valid examples are: do-uchiotoshi-men and tsuki-uchiotoshi-men.
- Kaeshi-waza
This technique is a response. As an opponent strikes, you parry their shinai with yours. Then flip over (turn over your hands) and strike their opposite side. Valid strikes include:men-kaeshi-men, men-kaeshi-kote, men-kaeshi-do, kote-kaeshi-men, kote-kaeshi-kote, and do-kaeshi-men.
Rules of Competition
A scorable point (????, y?k?-datotsu) in a kendo competition (tai-kai) is defined as an accurate strike or thrust made onto a datotsu-bui of the opponent's kendo-gu with the shinai making contact at its datotsu-bu, the competitor displaying high spirits, correct posture and followed by zanshin.
Datotsu-bui or point scoring targets in kendo are defined as:
- Men-bu, the top or sides of the head protector (sho-men and sayu-men).
- Kote-bu, a padded area of the right or left wrist protector (migi-kote and hidari-kote).
- Do-bu, an area of the right or left side of the armour that protects the torso (migi-do and hidari-do).
- Tsuki-bu, an area of the head protector in front of the throat (tsuki-dare).
Datotsu-bu of the 'shinai' is the forward, or blade side (jin-bu) of the top third (monouchi) of the shinai.
Zanshin (??), or continuation of awareness, must be present and shown throughout the execution of the strike, and the kend?ka must be mentally and physically ready to attack again.
In competition, there are usually three referees (??, shinpan). Each referee holds a red flag and a white flag in opposing hands. To award a point, a referee raises the flag corresponding to the colour of the ribbon worn by the scoring competitor. Usually at least two referees must agree for a point to be awarded. The match continues until a pronouncement of the point that has been scored.
Kendo competitions are usually a three-point match. The first competitor to score two points, therefore wins the match. If the time limit is reached and only one competitor has a point, that competitor wins.
In the case of a tie, there are several options:
- Hiki-wake (????): The match is declared a draw.
- Ench? (??): The match is continued until either competitor scores a point.
- Hantei (??): The victor is decided by the referees. The three referees vote for victor by each raising one of their respective flags simultaneously.
International kendo competitions
The World Kendo Championships have been held every three years since 1970. They are organised by the International Kendo Federation (FIK) with the support of the host nation's kendo federation. The European championship is held every year, except in those years in which there is a world championship. Kendo is also one of the martial arts in the World Combat Games.
Advancement
Grades
Technical achievement in kendo is measured by advancement in grade, rank or level. The ky? (?) and dan (?) grading system, created in 1883, is used to indicate one's proficiency in kendo. The dan levels are from first-dan (??, sho-dan) to tenth-dan (??, j?-dan). There are usually six grades below first-dan, known as kyu. The kyu numbering is in reverse order, with first kyu (??, ikky?) being the grade immediately below first dan, and sixth kyu (??, rokky?) being the lowest grade. There are no visible differences in dress between kendo grades; those below dan-level may dress the same as those above dan-level.
Eighth-dan (??, hachi-dan) is the highest dan grade attainable through a test of physical kendo skills. In the AJKF the grades of ninth-dan (??, ky?-dan) and tenth dan (?? (j?-dan))are no longer awarded, but ninth-dan kend?ka are still active in Japanese kendo. International Kendo Federation (FIK) grading rules allow national kendo organisations to establish a special committee to consider the award of those grades. Only five now-deceased kendoka were ever admitted to the rank of 10th-dan following the establishment in 1952 of the All Japan Kendo Federation. The five kendoka, all of whom had been students of Nait? Takaharu at the Budo Senmon Gakko, were:
- Ogawa Kinnosuke ?? ??? (1884-1962)- awarded 1957
- Moriji Mochida (aka Mochida Moriji) ?? ?? (1885-1974)- awarded 1957
- Nakano Sousuke ?? ?? (1885-1963)- awarded 1957
- Saimura Gorou ?? ?? (1887-1969)- awarded 1957
- Ooasa Yuuji ?? ?? (1887-1974)- awarded 1962
All candidates for examination face a panel of examiners. A larger, more qualified panel is usually assembled to assess the higher dan grades. Kendo examinations typically consist of jitsugi, a demonstration of the skill of the applicants, Nihon Kendo Kata and a written exam. The eighth-dan kendo exam is extremely difficult, with a reported pass rate of less than 1 percent.
Titles
Titles (??, sh?g?) can be earned in addition to the above dan grades by kend?ka of a defined dan grade. These are renshi (??), ky?shi (??), and hanshi (??). The title is affixed to the front of the dan grade when said, for example renshi roku-dan (????). The qualifications for each title are below.
Kata
Kata are fixed patterns that teach kendoka the basic elements of swordsmanship. The kata include fundamental techniques of attacking and counter-attacking, and have useful practical application in general kendo. There are ten Nihon Kend? Kata (?????). These are generally practised with wooden swords (??, bokut? or bokken). Occasionally, real swords or swords with a blunt edge, called kata-y? (??) or ha-biki (??), may be used for display of kata.
All are performed by two people: the uchidachi (???), the teacher, and shidachi (???), the student. The uchidachi makes the first move or attack in each kata. As this is a teaching role, the uchidachi is always the losing side, thus allowing the shidachi to learn and to gain confidence.
Kata one to seven are performed with both partners using a normal length wooden sword. Kata eight to ten are performed with uchidachi using a normal length weapon and shidachi using a shorter one (kodachi).
The forms of the Nihon Kend? Kata (?????) were finalised in 1933 based on the Dai nihon Teikoku Kendo Kata, composed in 1912. "It is impossible to link the individual forms of Dai nihon Teikoku Kendo Kata to their original influences, although the genealogical reference diagram does indicate the masters of the various committees involved, and it is possible from this to determine the influences and origins of Kendo and the Kata."
In 2003, the All Japan Kendo Federation introduced Bokut? Ni Yoru Kend? Kihon-waza Keiko-h? (?????????????), a set of basic exercises using a bokuto. This form of practice, is intended primarily for kend?ka up to second dan (??, ni-dan), but is very useful for all kendo students which are organised under FIK.
Kata can also be treated as competitions where players are judged upon their performance and technique.
National and international organisations
Many national and regional organisations manage and promote kendo activities outside Japan. The major organising body is the International Kendo Federation (FIK). The FIK is a non-governmental international federation of national and regional kendo organisations. An aim of the FIK is to provide a link between Japan and the international kendo community and to promote and popularise kendo, iaido and jodo. The FIK was established in 1970 with 17 national federations. The number of affiliated and recognised organisations has increased over the years to 57 (as of May 2015). The FIK is recognised by SportAccord as a 'Full Member'. and by the World Anti-Doping Agency.
Other organisations that promote the study of Japanese martial arts, including kendo, are the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK) and the International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF). The current DNBK has no connection to the pre-war organisation, although it shares the same goals. The International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF) was established in Kyoto in 1952 and is dedicated to the promotion and development of the martial arts worldwide, including kendo.
See also
- Gendai bud? - modern Japanese martial arts
- Kenjutsu
- Iaid? - sword drawing
- Jukendo
- J?d? - a martial art using a short wooden staff, or stick
- Kumdo - Korean kendo
- Naginata - a martial art using a halberd-like weapon
- Fencing
References
External links
- International Kendo Federation (FIK)
- All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF) (in Japanese)
- Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK)
Source of article : Wikipedia
0 Comments