K?rkp?nar is a Turkish oil-wrestling (Turkish: ya?l? güre?) tournament. It is held annually, usually in late June, near Edirne, Turkey since 1346.
Video K?rkp?nar
Description
Before each bout, the wrestlers pour olive oil over their entire bodies, and the matches take place in an open, grassy field, with the contestants naked except for trousers made of leather, which extend to just below the knee. Victory is achieved when one wrestler either pins the other to the ground (as in many other forms of wrestling) or lifts his opponent above his shoulders.
It now holds a Guinness World Record for the longest running sports competition.
Maps K?rkp?nar
History
Oldest known evidence
The history of oil wrestling links back to 2650 BC with evidence from Ancient Egypt, Assyria, and other regions in the Middle East. The Babylonian body of evidence, a tiny bronze, was excavated near the Chafadji-temple. The bronze clearly concerns oil wrestlers as both athletes are depicted with olive vessels on their head.
The oldest known proof of the existence of oil-wrestling in Ancient Egypt is found in limestone from the tomb of Ptahhoteb near Saqqara from the fifth dynasty (about 2650 BC) from the same period as the Chafadji-bronze.
Another appealing proof is about 4000 years old and painted like a cartoon in a tomb near Beni Hasan in Egypt. The deceased, who occupied this tomb, is assumed to have been a famous oil-wrestler in his time. In the first picture, the greasing of the wrestler and the oil stored in a reed stem is seen. In the second picture the wrestling starts. The last picture down shows the three step triumph of oiled wrestling, which is unchanged to this day. From this the basic rules of the sport can be traced.
Centuries later, the Persian Empire conquered Egypt, and the Persian shah occupied the throne of the Pharaoh's. It was during this period that oil wrestling began in Iran.
Oil-wrestling in Iran
The history of the oil-wrestling tournaments as they are known today links back to the Persian Mythical Era, which, according to Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, started 1065 BC. The legendary pehlivan of this era is called Rostam, a hero depicted to constantly save his country from evil forces.
The ceremonial start of oil-wrestling, called by its Persian name "Peshrev" has clear links with old Iranian institutes as the Zurkhane, literally "house of strength". The building consists of a court, around which the men who will perform, arrange themselves, and a gallery for the ostad ("master") or morshed (spiritual leader) and the musicians. Nowadays, the musical accompaniment consists of a drum and recitation of portions of Ferdowsi's Shahname. There are various rhythms employed, and a variety of movements associated with them, including displays of strength in manipulating heavy objects (such as weights and chains) and acrobatics.
Here the origin of the peshrev is found, considered by some to be a warming up and a ceremony to greet the audience, to others a participatory form of dance. It is different from the usual step-right, step-left, step-right, kick-left, step-left, kick-right dance encountered in the rest of the region.
Greco-Roman Oil-wrestling
The word "Pehlivan" for a wrestler was first used in this period, when the Parthians (238 BC - 224 AD) expelled the Greeks from Iran.
Huns
The Huns arriving on the fringes of the Roman Empire in the late 4th century, moved on horseback out of the steppes of Central Asia into Germany and France. As they approached the Black Sea and conquered the Ostrogoths, they also drove the Visigoths across the Danube into the Roman Empire and caused the crisis that led to the astounding defeat of the Roman army under the Emperor Valens near Adrianople (Edirne) in 378 AD.
The Huns were fanatic wrestlers as well as horsemen. After securing a strong position on the Roman side of the Danube, the Huns were checked by the Roman army of general Aspar in Thrace (442).
In 447, Pehlivan Attila came again into Thrace and stopped only when Emperor Thodosius II begged for terms. During the negotiations, a Roman-Hun wrestling competition was held in Thermopylae. The dispute was settled by a wrestling match and winner Attila accepted payment of all tribute in arrears and a new annual tribute of 2,100 pounds of gold and territory south of the Danube.
Three years later Emperor Theodosius died falling from his horse. His successor, Marcian (450-457), refused to pay Attila. The Huns decided to leave it, because the sister of the Roman Emperor Valentinian III, Honoria, sent to him her ring and a message to the King of the Huns and asked Attila to become her champion. Atilla agreed to this marriage proposal. When the sister of the Roman Emperor was put in prison, Atilla decided to take care of her dowry. As Honoria was not available, next year Attila took a new, young bride named Ildico. The wedding day was spent with one of the greatest wrestling matches of this time.
Oil-wrestling for Sultan and Shah
During the period where Islam was brought into Asia Minor, spirituality and philosophy became part of the physical garment of the pehlivan. Oil-wrestling was established as a sport on its own. In Iran and the Ottoman Empire alike wrestling became the national sport. In Iran, wrestling grew to the customary institution of the Zurkhane strong house, where people went to socialise and engage in athletic exercise. The wrestler is the strong-man in popular culture (in Persian the term is "big neck"), but he is also the pahlavan, the knightly hero, who is a free-living spirit and is generous and loyal.
The year 1360 is adapted by the organizers of the Edirne K?rkp?nar as the date when Ottoman soldiers started to organize annual oil-wrestling tournaments in K?rkp?nar, a wrestling field "within the Samona village". According to the Guinness Book of World Records, this legend made K?rkp?nar the world's oldest continuously sanctioned sporting competition.
The last bout between the two finalists was told to last through the night as neither was able to defeat the other. They were found dead the next morning, their bodies still intertwined. They were buried underneath a nearby fig tree, whereupon their comrades headed to conquer Edirne.
After the conquest, the soldiers came upon another fig tree, surrounded by a crystal-clear spring, so they renamed the surrounding meadow (which until then had been known as Ahirköy) K?rkp?nar, which translates from Turkish as "forty springs" or "forty sources".
To commemorate the heroism of the conquering warriors, a wrestling tournament was re-enacted annually at this site, and the oldest sanctioned sporting competition in the world (a still-contested fact) began.
In all tales, myths, and stories, there has always been a common respect for the oil-wrestlers. The pehlivan is described as being stronger than anybody, having a well built body, and clothed in heavy leather pants. From the past until now, the wrestlers have poured olive oil onto their bodies. In addition, it is still possible to see younger wrestlers kissing the hands of older athletes despite having defeated them, which is a gesture of respect.
According to historian Burhan Katia, the word pehlivan was also used for an officer, governor or huge and honest person. From the 16th century on, the term was exclusively used in the Ottoman Empire for the wrestling sportsman.
The 16th century was the time of Süleyman I, known throughout the world as "The Magnificent", even among other significant leaders such as Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor--ruling Spain, Germany and parts of Italy), Henry VIII (the Tudor king of England), and Francis I (Valois King of France).
Süleyman, in his own land known as "Kanuni", the Legislator, reigned between 1520 and 1566, and was succeeded by his son Selim II, for whom Mimar Sinan built the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, considered to be Turkey's most beautiful mosque.
Most importantly, it was the era of Murat III (1546-1595) where the Ottoman Empire reached its largest geographical area in its history.
In 1590, a peace treaty was signed between Murat III and the Persian Shah. The model of the wrestling pants go back to this period. The design is still same for the Iranian "pahlivan" and the Turkish "pehlivan", except the Turkish wrestling pants are made of leather and are called "kispet", while the Iranian pahlivan wears a "pirpet", made of silk.
Famous wrestlers from Iran came to Istanbul to compete with the Ottoman champions, and the Turkish champions were invited to Persia to show their strength.
Collecting strong men
Before 1582, all wrestlers were obtained from prisoners of war, the Dev?irme, or other slave sources. With the Dev?irme system, the healthiest and strongest young men were recruited from the various provinces of the Ottoman Empire, and pehlivans trained from Dev?irme boys were always known to be free enough to be honest, and throughout history trusted for their word and behaviour.
Wrestling championships were held everywhere in the Ottoman Empire. Every city and village had its annual wrestling event, like the one organized in Edirne today. Wrestling occurred in a variety of contexts, including social and ceremonial events. There were wrestling events on religious festival days, during special evenings of the Muslim fasting-month of Ramadan, on agricultural events, circumcisions and weddings. On special occasions, charity wrestling competitions were organized outside the palaces. Only the best wrestlers were accepted in training to become members of the elite Janissary Corps.
Oil-wrestling for French Impératrice Eugenie
When the Ottoman sultan visited France in 1867, oil-wrestlers were part of his entourage and Impératrice Eugenie visited the wrestling-tournament. Wrestling was a tough sport, but oil-wrestling was even harder. It was considered the most difficult sport in the world. In these days, the expression "Fort comme un Turc" (strong as a Turk) revived from the crusade-days.
Virantekke
After the Balkan War of 1912, the location of the original K?rkp?nar event was lost. The annual match had to be relocated from K?rkp?nar (near Samona) to Virantekke, now the Kapitan Andreevo checkpoint on the Bulgarian border.
Edirne
After 12 years, the annual oil-wrestling competition of the K?rkp?nar moved again to another location. Since 1924, bouts are held on the Sarayiçi island near Edirne.
The last Ottoman sultan was exiled to Malta. In what was left over of the Empire, almost everything traditional had to be replaced or westernized. The language was "purified" by replacing words of Persian or Arabic origin with words derived from Turkic roots. Even a sport prevailing any western sport was at stake. Atatürk thought to put the wrestling organizations directly under his own sponsorship. He ordered Selim S?rr? Tarcan (1874-1956) to restyle oil-wrestling according to his guidelines for sport in the new Turkish Republic.
As a result, the winner of the Edirne competition was no longer "Ba?pehlivan of the K?rkp?nar" but "Champion of Turkey". Instead of traditional prizes such as the "Alt?n Kemer" (Golden Belt) and horses, donkeys, or camels; medals similar to those in the Western world began to be awarded.
It was feared that with such a change of reward "because they did so in Europe" would come a lack of participation from the pehlivans. The officer responsible for sports in the new republic had to come to a compromise, allowing the winning wrestler in the highest category to be awarded the title of "Ba?pehlivan of the Year", and rewards of whichever animals the organizers could obtain. Selim S?rr? Tarcan also restricted the Golden Belt: It could only be awarded for the Edirne K?rkp?nar, and only to a "Turkish Champion" who had won the event for three consecutive years. The weight of the Belt was limited to 1450 gram 14 carat gold.
The K?rkp?nar wrestling competitions of Edirne were still held under the protectorate of the "Agha". The agha welcomes his guests and puts them up at the hotel, holds dinners, and organizes festivities. Also, he hands out the prizes to the winners in their categories. Just before the final of the K?rkp?nar, the organizing agha holds an auction. The bids are placed on a ram or sheep. The highest bidder becomes the "agha" of the next year's K?rkp?nar and is the main sponsor of the event.
When in 1928 an economical depression hit Turkey and no agha could be found, Selim S?rr? Tarcan made the Turkish Red Crescent (K?z?lay) and the Institute of Child Care (Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu) responsible for the organization and hosting of the guests.
In the olden days of the event, an agha was able to stop a match, disqualify wrestlers if necessary, and even cancel the wrestling events all together. Today, it is the organizing committee, who makes such decisions. The Red Crescent and the Institute of Child Care would organize the Edirne K?rkp?nar for 36 years, after which the task of organizing the event was assigned to the municipality of Edirne.
Edirne K?rkp?nar municipality service
In 1964, the mayor of Edirne, Tahsin Sipka, signed an act that the Edirne Municipality was responsible for the organization of the Edirne K?rkp?nar. That same year, mayor Sipka made the Edirne K?rkp?nar a municipality service.
During a year, about 300 different oil-wrestling games are held in Turkey. They host an average of ten million spectators.
Introduction of time
Until 1975, there was no time limit for wrestling in K?rkp?nar. The pehlivans would wrestle sometimes one, or two days, until they could establish superiority over one another. Wrestling games would go on from 9am until dusk and the ones that could not beat each other would go on the next day. After 1975, wrestling was limited to 40 minutes in the ba?pehlivan category. If there is no winner within these limits, the pehlivans wrestle for 15 minutes with scores recorded. The ones who score the most points in this last period are accepted as the winners. In other categories, the wrestling time is limited to 30 minutes. If there is no winner, 10 minutes of scored wrestling follows.
Federation
On 20 June 1996, the Turkish Federation of Traditional Sport Branches (Geleneksel Spor Dallari Federasyonu) was founded by the Turkish Ministry. Riding, oil-wrestling, aba-wrestling and other traditional sports were assembled in the same federation under Alper Yazoglu.
Oil-wrestling hits Europe in Amsterdam
During the 636th annual K?rkp?nar of Edirne, Agha (mc) Hüseyin Sahin agreed with Veyis Güngör, the chairman of Türkevi Amsterdam, and Mohamed el-Fers (MokumTV Amsterdam) that they would unite their forces to promote traditional oil-wrestling in Europe and the world. For three days El-Fers filmed almost every match.
On September 4, 1996, MokumTV started a weekly program on the A1 Amsterdam channel. It proved to be the start of fast growing respect in Europe for this unique and highly esthetic "mother of all sports".
The late Hüseyin Sahin said during his speech, attended by Turkish president Süleyman Demirel, Edirne-mayor Hamdi Sedefçi, Veyis Güngör and Mohamed el-Fers that the K?rkp?nar will exceed the borders of Turkey and unite the world.
The champion wrestlers, who attended that 636th Edirne K?rkp?nar applauded the news of an Amsterdam K?rkp?nar. In his speech at the award ceremony, President Süleyman Demirel said that Turkey would continue to raise world-famous wrestlers. Veyis Güngör told the press that the enthusiast reactions in Europe proved that this traditional Turkish sport is not only everlasting, but thanks to television and video, is gaining popularity under non-Turkish people as well. The organizers of the coming Amsterdam K?rkp?nar received the days after the news was released about 950 letters of oil-wrestlers throughout Turkey, who would enter competition for the title of Euro-champion of the Amsterdam K?rkp?nar.
The "Mother of All Sports" came in 1997 for the first ever to Western Europe, when the European Champions League were held in Amsterdam. No less than 22 television teams covered the event, and scenes from the Amsterdam K?rkp?nar were shown at CNN and the BBC alike.
The 2nd European Oil-Wrestling Championship held in Amsterdam had already a final with 42 wrestlers from Turkey, the Netherlands and other European countries. Winner was Cengiz Elbeye, Edirne K?rkp?nar oil-wrestling champion. Addressing the ceremony held upon the start of the matches, Erkut Onart, the Turkish Consul General in the Netherlands, said that he believed the friendship between the Turkish society and the European countries is intensified when these kinds of cultural values are brought to Europe.
In the world of oil-wrestling, Amsterdam became the most important annual after Edirne.
Special branch
Oil-wrestling was accepted as special branch by the Turkish Olympic Wrestling Federation. Sport and politics, as in 1996 the Turkish Federation of Traditional Sport Branches (Geleneksel Spor Dallari Federasyonu) was official accepted as federation representing oil-wrestling and other traditional Turkish sports.
Anti-doping control
In 1999, anti-doping checks was introduced by the Turkish Olympic Wrestling Federation during the Edirne K?rkp?nar.
Foreign oil-wrestler rejected in Edirne
Oil-wrestling is a growing sport, not limited to Turkey only. However, it is difficult for foreign wrestlers to enter this National Turkish Championship. In 2000, Dutch oil-wrestler Melvin Witteveen's entry in Edirne was rejected, while Kadir Yilmaz, beaten by Witteveen some weeks earlier at the Amsterdam K?rkp?nar, was allowed to participate due to his double Turko-Dutch nationalities.
As the winners of the categories of the Amsterdam K?rkp?nar in the Netherlands are considered to be the European Champions, this means the Amsterdam K?rkp?nar tops the Edirne, as the latter is seen as the National championship of Turkey only, repudiating non-Turkish entries.
The event attracted little attention outside of Turkey until the 1990s, when the style of wrestling began to spread to Western Europe. It has become particularly popular in the Netherlands, which now hosts its own annual version of the tournament, attracting participants from throughout Europe. Ya?l? güre? wrestling matches are also held in Japan.
See also
- Wrestling in Turkey
External links
- K?rkp?nar (in Turkish)
- ( Kirkpinar.com -English and Turkish -Tarihi K?rkp?nar Ya?l? Güre?leri - Turkish Greased Wrestling
- Turkish Oil Wrestling & Kirkpinar Festival
- Turkish Oilwrestling and K?rkp?nar Startsite
- Award winning K?rkp?nar photo-story by documentary photographer Michael Craig
- Amsterdam K?rkp?nar
- Turkish Wrestling
- bashpelivanns.com
Source of article : Wikipedia
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